Published in Annual Review of Financial Economics
This article surveys the theory on zombie lending incentives and the consequences of zombie lending for the real economy. It also offers a historical perspective by reviewing the growing empirical evidence on zombie lending along three dimensions: (a) the role of undercapitalized banks, (b) effects on zombie firms, and (c) spillovers and distortion...
The US entrepreneurial finance market has changed dramatically over the last two decades. Entrepreneurs who raise their first round of venture capital retain 30% more equity in their firm and are more likely to control their board of directors. Late-stage start-ups are raising larger amounts of capital in the private markets from a growing p...
Published in Annual Review of Financial Economics
Default risk permeates the behavior of corporate bond returns and spreads, credit default swap spreads, estimation of default probabilities, and loss in default. Pertinent to this review are salient empirical findings and implications of default process estimation from 1974 to 2021. Both structural and reduced-form models are covered. In structural...
Published in Annual Review of Financial Economics
In this article, I review the theoretical and empirical literature on the effects of public and private equity markets on firm behavior, emphasizing the consequences that emerge from disclosure requirements, ownership concentration, and degree of firm standardization. While publicly listed firms benefit from a lower cost of capital, enabling increa...
This review surveys the literature on student lending, emphasizing empirical studies of default, credit outcomes, and earnings. Student loans exist to alleviate credit constraints and, in theory, may have different effects on outcomes through multiple channels. There is significant heterogeneity in outcomes across types of borrowers, with many adve...
We review the recent literature on financing biomedical innovation, with a specific focus on the drug development process and how it may be enhanced to improve outcomes. We begin by laying out stylized facts about the structure of the drug development process and its associated costs and risks, and we present evidence that the rate of discovery for...
We review the pricing and ownership of green bonds, whose proceeds are used for environmentally focused purposes. After presenting an overview of the literature on green securities and green bonds in particular, we summarize the US corporate and municipal green bond markets. Green municipal bonds provide the best opportunity for detailed empirical ...
This article provides an overview of empirical options research, with primary emphasis on research into systematic stochastic volatility and jump risks relevant for pricing stock index options. It reviews evidence from time series analysis, option prices, and option price evolution regarding those risks and discusses required compensation.
Published in Annual Review of Financial Economics
The fast growth of China's economy has brought it not only to the center of the global economy but also to a transition point in its growth model, a transition from scale to efficiency, speed to sustainability, input driven to innovation led. How its financial markets can drive this new growth model and facilitate the transition are pressing challe...
I review the key issues that arise in financing health care delivery. I begin by documenting the key features of health care markets that make financing so central in this sector, such as the skewed and unpredictable nature of health care spending and market failures in health care delivery. I then review the key issues that public and private paye...
