On the differences between periodic domain and fluidized bed

To understand the effects of macroscale constraints on fluidization, we investigate the differences between the periodic domain and realistic bed by using fine-grid simulations. The differences in these two systems are highlighted by identifying three force-balance conditions with respect to the gas - phase, solid-phase and the mixture, respectively. Specifically, these three conditions are not satisfied at the microscale, but satisfied at the macroscale in both systems; Over the mesoscale, the gas-phase force balance is established in the periodic domain and in the fluidized bed at bubbling states, but not at tur- bulent states, whereas the solid-phase and the mixture force balance conditions are established only in the periodic domain, not in the realistic bed. The influence of the bounding wall can be implicitly included by introducing the gas-phase pressure gradient, turbulent kinetic energies (TKEs) of gas and solids phases, and drift velocity as the markers for the drag force.(c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.