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The associations between whole grain, sugar and nutrients intakes in schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study.

Authors
  • Koo, H C1
  • Lim, G P2, 3
  • Kaur, Satvinder4
  • Chan, K Q2
  • 1 Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [email protected]. , (Malaysia)
  • 2 Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. , (Malaysia)
  • 3 Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia. , (Malaysia)
  • 4 Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. , (Malaysia)
Type
Published Article
Journal
BMC nutrition
Publication Date
Dec 08, 2023
Volume
9
Issue
1
Pages
144–144
Identifiers
DOI: 10.1186/s40795-023-00807-9
PMID: 38066580
Source
Medline
Keywords
Language
English
License
Unknown

Abstract

Whole grains have gained extensive attention for their contribution to optimal diet quality in the child population. However, little is known about the association between whole grain and sugar intakes. This study aimed to determine whole grain intake and its associations with sugar and other nutrients intakes in schoolchildren. A total of 415 healthy Malaysian schoolchildren aged 9-12 years were recruited in this cross-sectional study, through cluster random sampling. Nutrient and sugar intakes were assessed using 3-day 24-hour diet recalls. Whole grain intake was assessed using a validated whole grain food frequency questionnaire. In these 415 children (9.4-12.7 years), a total of 24 of them have been excluded due to over- and under-reported their dietary intake. Ultimate sample size was 391 children. Overall, consumption of whole grain, fiber, calcium and B vitamins were lower than the recommended intake. However, children consumed protein sufficiently. Whole grain intake was a significant predictor of calorie (β = 0.1011; p < 0.001), carbohydrate (β = 0.060; p = 0.002), fat (β = 0.107; p = 0.044), riboflavin (β = 3.537; p = 0.008) and sugar (β = 0.138; p = 0.007) intakes, after controlling for sex, age and ethnicity. The findings provide insight to parents, educators and healthcare professionals in encouraging children to choose whole grain food that is low in sugar and fat. The outcome will also encourage food manufacturing companies to produce healthier whole grain products. © 2023. The Author(s).

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