Published in Nanophotonics
Metasurfaces are engineered thin surfaces comprising two-dimensional (2D) arrays of sub-wavelength-spaced and sub-wavelength-sized resonators. Metasurfaces can locally manipulate the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light with high spatial resolution. In this paper, we report numerical and experimental results of a vortex-beam-generating metas...
Published in Open Astronomy
The intersections between a spherical shell and the faces of Voronoi polyhedrons are numerically evaluated. The nodes of these intersections are the points that share the same distances from three nuclei. The nodes are assumed to be the places where we will find clusters of galaxies. The cosmological environment is given by the coupling between the...
Published in Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
Climate change is affecting every ecosystem on Earth. Though climate change is global in scope, literature reviews on the biotic impacts of climate change have focused on temperate and polar regions. Tropical species have distinct life histories and physiologies, and ecological communities are assembled differently across latitude. Thus, tropical s...
Published in Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
Animals are distinguished by having guts—organs that must extract nutrients from food yet also bar invasion by pathogens. Most guts are colonized by nonpathogenic microorganisms, but the functions of these microbes, or even the reasons why they occur in the gut, vary widely among animals. Sometimes these microorganisms have codiversified with hosts...
Published in Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
Species invasions are pervasive in Earth history, yet the ecological and evolutionary consequences vary greatly. Ancient invasion events can be organized in a hierarchy of increasing invasion intensity from ephemeral invasions to globally pervasive invasive regimes. Each level exhibits emergent properties exceeding the sum of interactions at lower ...
Published in Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
Long-term studies have been crucial to the advancement of population biology, especially our understanding of population dynamics. We argue that this progress arises from three key characteristics of long-term research. First, long-term data are necessary to observe the heterogeneity that drives most population processes. Second, long-term studies ...
Published in Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
Many important questions about the history and dynamics of organisms have a geographical component: How many are there, and where do they live? How do they move and interbreed across the landscape? How were they moving a thousand years ago, and where were the ancestors of a particular individual alive today? Answers to these questions can have prof...
Published in Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
Understanding how pollen moves between species is critical to understanding speciation, diversification, and evolution of flowering plants. For co-flowering species that share pollinators, competition through interspecific pollen transfer (IPT) can profoundly impact floral evolution, decreasing female fitness via heterospecific pollen deposition on...
Published in Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
Evolutionary biology is multivariate, and advances in phylogenetic comparative methods for multivariate phenotypes have surged to accommodate this fact. Evolutionary trends in multivariate phenotypes are derived from distances and directions between species in a multivariate phenotype space. For these patterns to be interpretable, phenotypes should...
Published in Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
Transgenerational plasticity (TGP) occurs when the environment experienced by a parent influences the development of their offspring. In this article, we develop a framework for understanding the mechanisms and multigenerational consequences of TGP. First, we conceptualize the mechanisms of TGP in the context of communication between parents (sende...
