Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have driven the development of generative AI, capable of producing a wide range of content. However, the training of these systems raises significant questions regarding the protection and enforcement of copyright for the content used for these purposes. In this context, this article aims to ana...
The aim of this study is to identify sea–land transport chains of refrigerated cargo against the background of direct road transport on the Valencia–Warsaw route based on the analysis of external costs with particular consideration of the external costs of energy production in road and sea transport. Fruits and vegetables were assumed to be a group...
The EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2024/1689) is part of the EU New Legislative Framework. This means the EU legislator solely drafted the key requirements for AI systems to be trustworthy, leaving on the hands of European standardisation organisations (CEN and CENELEC) their operationalisation through European harmonised standards. This presentat...
This thesis evaluates the extent to which the EU usefully promotes economic and social rights (ESR) through human rights clauses (HRC) in its trade agreements. HRC establish respect for human rights as an essential element of the parties’ agreements and enable the parties to take appropriate measures in response to breaches of their obligations und...
Recent scholarly work on higher education institutions (HEIs) within an EU context has focused on how universities and their core activities have been affected by EU education policy. The organisation of HEIs in order to shape European decision-making on higher education, mainly through their presence in Brussels, has received much less attention. ...
Billed as the ‘world’s first comprehensive AI law’, the EU AI Act (AIA) sets a precedent for the regulation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) – one that could influence policy-making globally. Referencing the whole ‘AI value chain’, AIA employs a risk-based legislative approach. Yet, prima facie, this constitutes an internal contradiction of the regu...
In the EU proposal for a regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (AIA), article 5.1.a forbids the use of AI systems deploying subliminal techniques. As the meaning of the term subliminal techniques lacks a definition in the proposal, the intended meaning of the phrase requires interpretation to clarify the scope of this p...
Esta nota informativo resume tres estudios a nivel de país efectuados entre 2021 y 2022 para presentar los hallazgos de la literatura diponible relacionada con la distribución espacial del Cd en los países, la forma en que el reglamento ha afectado a los distintos actores y las respuestas que han efectuado estos frente a la problemática. Con la inf...
This briefing note combines information from three country reports conducted between 2021 and 2022, as well as relevant findings from the available literature to examine the current state of knowledge of the spatial distribution of Cd content in cacao farms in the three countries, how the EU regulation has affected different stakeholders, and how t...
