No other markets have likely ever been as closely part of our everyday lives as digital markets have. Digital markets can be described as a place for innovation where new products, services, and companies pop up on a nearly daily basis. These markets can at the same time be described as highly concentrated, in the hands of a few, who control the ma...
Advocate General Saugmandsgaard Øe recommends the European Court of Justice to (i) rule that the test included in the Bronner Judgment – including the indispensability requirement – should only be applied in specific circumstances (i.e., in case of ‘refusals to make available’), and (ii) reject the introduction of the concept of ‘implicit refusals ...
Published in Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Abstract—The preconditions and recent history of the modern anticartel policy in Russia are considered. It is noted that in countries with traditional market economies, a negative attitude to cartels and tools to counter them were gradually formed during the globalization of national economies and changes in attitudes to national and transnational ...
Les fake news recouvrent un spectre très large de « fausses nouvelles » ou de « fausses informations ». Elles peuvent être intentionnelles ou non intentionnelles, émaner d’entreprises ou de personnes physiques sur les réseaux sociaux, ou plus largement sur Internet. Les fake news peuvent aussi apparaître comme de véritables informations, mais qui, ...
This paper shows that the European Union (EU) courts' case-law and general principles of EU law place the European Commission (“Commission”) under a duty to apply the Guidance Communication on Enforcement Priorities (“Guidance Paper”) in abuse of dominance cases started after its adoption. This duty includes the obligation to test Article 102 TFEU ...
The award of the Nobel Prize in Economics to Professor Jean Tirole in 2014 has generated intense interest about his brainchild theory of two-sided markets. Against this background, this paper explores whether there is such a thing as a unified theory of two-sided markets and whether the two-sided markets literature can readily be applied by antitru...
The Essential Facilities Doctrine, albeit an American case-law creation, is also implemented in the European Union. While, since Trinko (2004), the US Supreme Court seems to challenge its implementation, European antitrust authorities tend to extend this doctrine to intangible assets. Focusing on European case-law, we observe several differences be...
The Essential Facilities Doctrine, albeit an American case-law creation, is also implemented in the European Union. While, since Trinko (2004), the US Supreme Court seems to challenge its implementation, European antitrust authorities tend to extend this doctrine to intangible assets. Focusing on European case-law, we observe several differences be...
