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For marine invertebrates larval developmental mode is inseparably linked to the nutritional content of the egg Within the asterinid family of sea stars there have been multiple independent evolutionary transitions to lecithotrophic development from the ancestral planktotrophic state To investigate the evolution of maternal investment and development within the Asterinidae we quantified individual lipid classes and total protein for eggs and larval stages of closely related species representing three developmental modes planktotrophy planktonic lecithotrophy and benthic lecithotrophy Within species maternal provisioning differed between females indicating that egg quality varied with parentage Maternal investment was related to egg size but after correcting for egg volume we identified two major oogenic modifications associated with the evolution of lecithotrophic development 1 a reduction in protein deposition that probably reflects the reduced structural requirements of nonfeeding larvae 2 an increase in deposition of a single class of energetic lipid triglyceride TG The exception was Parvulastra exigua which has benthic lecithotrophic development and lays eggs with a lipid to protein ratio close to that of planktotrophs This oogenic strategy may provide P exigua larvae with a protein weight-belt that assists in maintaining a benthic existence Asterinids with planktotrophic development used a significant portion of egg TG to build a feeding bipinnaria larva For Meridiastra mortenseni female-specific differences in egg TG were still evident at the bipinnaria stage indicating that egg quality has flow-on effects for larval fitness In lecithotrophic asterinids TG reserves were not depleted in development to the larval stage whereas protein stores may help fuel early larval development Available data indicate that there may be two evolutionarily stable egg lipid profiles for free-spawning temperate echinoderms

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Fuels for development: evolution of maternal provisioning in asterinid sea stars

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with Lecithotrophic Development as keyword