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AbstractCoronavirus pandemic is a continuing catastrophe COVID-19 triggered by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2 The virus passes into the target cells by attaching itself to a receptor i e Human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 hACE2 It consists of Spike structures created from glycoproteins that promote the virus entry into the target cells of host The RBD of the S1 subunit on Spike proteins binds to the hACE2 receptor which is mostly found in the lungs particularly type-2 pneumocytes causing human ACE2 receptors to be downregulated Apart from nausea vomiting and chest tightness which are unusual symptoms of COVID-19 the most common causes of death and severity are respiratory failure 69 5 sepsis or multi-organ failure 28 cardiac failure 14 6 and renal failure 14 6 Viral antigen-based or viral nucleic acid-based real-time RT-PCR is recommended for the diagnosis of COVID-19 suspects Vaccination is essential for antiviral treatment The study was conducted on viruses based on live-attenuated or non-activated viruses recombinant viral vectors DNA VLPs and soluble proteins Vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech was the first that showed promising data on effectiveness 90 efficacy of the vaccine was reported BNT-162b2 Pfizer BioNTech mRNA-1273 Moderna are mRNA based AZD-1222 Ad5 CoV AstraZeneca Oxford University Ad26 COV2 S Johnson Johnson are viral vector based and other vaccines have been granted emergency use authorization by FDA Since RNA viruses are able to mutate readily and quickly the mutation in the existing strain can be Variants of concern VOCs that might diminish vaccine effectiveness The latest Delta variant B 1 671 2 has rapidly spread in India is emerging in the United States in mid-2021 It turns out to be the chief which is 6 8 fold more resistant to neutralization by sera from COVID-19 convalescent and mRNA vaccinated individuals

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An Overview of COVID-19 and Its Vaccines

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