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Background aim and scopeSoil remediation with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid EDTA leaching is capable of removing only part of the total metal concentration in the soil mostly the labile bioavailable metal species metal bioavailability stripping However reintroduction of remediated soil in the environment exposes the soil to various environmental factors which could potentially shift nonlabile residual metals back to labile bioavailable forms We studied the effect of autochthonous earthworm species as model biotic environmental factor on the fractionation and bioavailability of Cu residual in soil after remediation Materials and methodsWe used soil from a 50-year-old vineyard regularly managed and treated with CuSO4 5H2O Bordeaux mixture as fungicide Soil containing 400 mg kg 1 of Cu was leached with total 15 mmol kg 1 EDTA Remediated and nonremediated soil was processed by fully clitellated adult specimens of Lumbricus terrestris L a prevailing autochthonous soil earthworm species Cu fractionation phytoavailability and oral-bioavailability in processed and nonprocessed soil were determined using six-step sequential extraction extraction with diethylenediamine pentaacetic acid and in vitro physiologically based extraction test respectively ResultsEDTA leaching removed 41 of the pseudototal Cu mostly from the soil Fe- and Mn-oxides carbonates and organic matter A 2 7-fold decrease in Cu phytoavailability and a 4 4- and 2 8-fold decrease in Cu oral-bioavailability in the stomach and small intestine fractions respectively were achieved after remediation In nonremediated soil earthworms increased the share of nonlabile Cu in residual soil fraction while in remediated soil they increased the share of Cu bound to carbonates A statistically significant 1 1- and 1 7-fold increase in Cu phytoavailability and intestinal oral-bioavailability respectively was observed in earthworm processed remediated soil DiscussionCu occurs in various soil pools of different solubilities with different chemical characteristics and consequently different functions By removing the labile part of the metals from the soil during remediation we disrupt the chemical equilibrium the nonlabile residual metals left in soil after remediation might become more labile in time in tendency to re-establish that equilibrium Earthworms alter the physical and chemical properties of soil affecting consequently the fractionation of metals The increase in earthworm s gut pH due to the excretion of ammonia and or calcium carbonate into the intestine could lead to the transbounding of metals into the carbonate fraction However their activity in remediated soil increased Cu phytoavailability and intestinal oral-bioavailability and it would therefore be improper to generalize the influence of earthworms on metal availability in soil ConclusionsThe results presented here show that residual Cu in remediated soil is affected by environmental factors such as earthworms which should be considered in evaluating the effect of Cu polluted soil remediation Recommendations and perspectivesInformation on the behavior of residual metals in soil after its remediation is surprisingly scarce The development of new effective remediation techniques should imply also the evaluation of postremediation effects on remediated soil The results presented in this work indicate a possible tool for assessing the effect of biotic environmental factors on residual metals left in soil after its remediation

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Fractionation and bioavailability of Cu in soil remediated by EDTA leaching and processed by earthworms (Lumbricus terre...

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with Cu phytoavailability as keyword