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Tez Doktora -- stanbul Teknik niversitesi Avrasya Yer Bilimleri Enstit s 2010 Thesis Ph D -- stanbul Technical University Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences 2010 Anadolu g n m zde kal nt bitkiler i in birer ya am alan d r Liquidambar orientalis Parrotia persica Pterocarya fraxinifolia Zelkova crenata Angiyospermler and Cedrus Gimnosperm Bu a a lar nispeten Artemisia stepleri ile birlikte ormanlar olu tururlar Son 2 6 milyon y l boyunca iki vejetasyon t r hakim olmu tur Bu nedenle b lge palinolojik ara t rmalar a s ndan b y k ilgi ekmektedir Bu al ma Karadeniz karotu DSDP Site 380 Ge Miyosen-G n m z denizel ve g lsel sedimentleri Ge Miyosen Erken Pliyosen kapsamaktad r al ma alan ba l ca Marmara B lgesi Enez ntepe Eceabat Burhanl West Sedd lbahir Karadeniz in g ney bat s DSDP Site 380 ve Yunanistan n kuzeyini bat Makedonya Ptolemais Notio and Ptolemais Base Prosilio Trilophos Lion of Amphipoli kapsamaktad r Bu al man n ana amac al lan zaman aral nda Anadolu daki paleovejetasyon ve paleoiklim ko ullar n yap land rmakt r 1 073 5 metre uzunlu undaki Karadeniz DSDP 380 sondaj karotunun y ksek z n rl kl polen analizleri Ge Miyosen den g n m ze kadar vejetasyon ve iklimin evrimi hakk nda bilgi vermektedir Son 7 milyon y l i inde karotta ba l ca iki vejetasyon tipi hakimdir termofil ormanlar ve Artemisia steplerinide i eren a k vejetasyon formasyonlar d r Erken Mesiniyen de Mesiniyen Tuzluluk Krizinden nce Olimpos Da na yak n Prosilio Cupressaceae ile birlikte orta- Tsuga ve y ksek enlem a a lar Abies ve Picea hakimken anakkale Bo az etraf nda otsul bitkiler yayg nd Mesiniyen Tuzluluk Krizi nden sonra Kuzey Ege deki vejetasyon ba l ca otsul bitki ekosistemleri yak n mesafedede mezotermik a a lardan yapra n d ken Quercus Carya Zelkova vb olu maktad r Ayr ca y ksek enlem kozalakl a a lardaki Cedrus Tsuga Abies ve Picea art b lgesel masiflerin y kselmesini i aret etmektedir Ge Miyosen de megatermik tropikal ve mega-mezotermik astropikal a a lar n o u iklimsel de i imden dolay azalm t r Ancak batakl k ormanlar Glyptostrobus Engelhardia Sapotaceae Nyssa yada mezotermik a a lar gibi baz lar Ge Pliyosen de varl n devam ettirmi tir Ayn zamanda step t r bitkiler Artemisia Ephedra Hippophae rhamnoides ok fazla geli im g stermezken otsul bitki topluluklar Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Asteroideae Asteraceae Cichorioideae vb yayg n hale gelmi tir Bu durum Ge Pliyosen de so uk ve kurak iklim ko ullar n n varl n desteklemektedir Erken Pleyistosen de 2 6 milyon y l Kuzey Kutbu nda buzulla malar n ba lamas yla baz t rler Taxodiaceae b y k olas l kla Glyptostrobus Engelhardia Sapotaceae ve Nyssa halen varl n devam ettirmesine ra men mega-mezotermik a a lar azalm t r Ayn zamanda step ortamlar g l bir ekilde geni lerken mezotermik a a larda yapra n d ken Quercus Betula Alnus Liquidambar Fagus Carpinus orientalis Carpinus betulus Tilia Acer Ulmus Zelkova Carya Pterocarya vb hemen hemen kaybolmu tur Sonras nda Artemisia step d nemleri mezotermik a a lardan daha uzun ge ici aral klarla buzul-buzularas d ng ler boyunca geli mi tir ilk olarak 41 ka y ll k periyodlarla sonras nda 100 ka y ll k periyodlarla Bu durum buzul d nemlerinden so uk-kurak iklim daha k sa s reli buzularas s cak ve nemli iklim d nemlerin varl n g stermektedir Ionian evresinin ba lang c ndan itibaren 1 8 milyon y l otsul ekosistemler Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Asteroideae Asteraceae Cichorioideae vb ve Artemisia stepleri g n m ze kadar geni lemeye devam etmi lerdir Bu gibi bir yay l m Ponto-Euxinian alan nda Erken Pliyosen de g zlenmektedir DSDP Site 380 Ancak Artemisia steplerinin Anadolu daki en erken yerle iminin Erken Miyosen e Akitaniyen kadar uzand g r lmektedir Artemisia steplerinin Anadolu daki geli imi Tibet Platosunun y kselmesi nedeniyle meydana gelmi olabilir Ayr ca Carya Carpinus orientalis Pterocarya Liquidambar orientalis Zelkova gibi kal nt bitkiler g n m ze kadar varl n devam ettirmi tir Bu durum Tibet Platosunun y kselmesi sonucu meydan gelen Asya Muson ikliminin etkisiyle a klanabilir Anatolia is an area inhabited today by relict thermophilous plants Liquidambar orientalis Parrotia persica Pterocarya fraxinifolia Zelkova crenata Angiosperms and Cedrus Gymnosperm These trees constitute forests relatively close to Artemisia steppes being the two types of vegetation in competition during the climatic cycles along the last 2 6 million years Thus this makes the greatest interest for palynological investigations in the region This study concerns a long marine section DSDP Site 380 from the southwestern deep Black Sea Late Miocene to Present and onshore exposed sections marine and lacustrine sediments from the Late Miocene and or Early Pliocene The study area corresponds to the surroundings of the Marmara Sea Enez ntepe Eceabat Burhanl West Sedd lbahir southwestern Black Sea DSDP Site 380 and northern Greece western Macedonia Ptolemais Notio and Ptolemais Base Prosilio Trilophos and Lion of Amphipoli The main target of this study is to reconstruct vegetation and climate during this time-interval in the region The high-resolution pollen analysis of the 1 073 50 m long Black Sea Site 380 in this study to which directly contributed for the interval 702 40 319 03 m documents in great detail the evolution of vegetation and climate from the Late Miocene up to Present Two vegetation types were alternately dominant for the last 7 million years thermophilous forests and open vegetations including Artemisia steppes At the early Messinian before the Messinian Salinity Crisis herbs prevailed in the Dardanelles area while mid- Tsuga and high-altitude Abies and Picea conifers were abundant with Cupressaceae close to the Olympus Mount Prosilio After the Messinian Salinity Crisis North Aegean vegetation was mainly characterized by open plant ecosystems nearby forest assemblages with mesothermic trees deciduous Quercus Carya Zelkova etc In addition strengthening of altitudinal conifers Cedrus Tsuga Abies and Picea may signify some uplift of the regional massifs During the Late Miocene most of the megathermic tropical and mega-mesothermic subtropical plants declined because of the climatic deterioration However some of them survived during the Late Pliocene such as those which constituted coastal swamp forests Glyptostrobus Engelhardia Sapotaceae Nyssa or composed deciduous mixed forests with mesothermic trees Simultaneously herbaceous assemblages with Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Asteroideae Asteraceae Cichorioideae etc became a prevalent vegetation component despite steppe elements Artemisia Ephedra Hippophae rhamnoides did not significantly develop This suggests cooler and chiefly drier conditions during the Late Pliocene At the Early Pleistocene 2 6 Ma as a response to the onset of Arctic glaciations mega-mesothermic elements rarefied despite some taxa persisted Taxodiaceae probably Glyptostrobus Engelhardia Sapotaceae and Nyssa In parallel deciduous mixed forest assemblages composed of mesothermic trees deciduous Quercus Betula Alnus Liquidambar Fagus Carpinus orientalis Carpinus betulus Tilia Acer Ulmus Zelkova Carya Pterocarya etc almost disappeared too while steppe environments strongly enlarged Then Artemisia steppic phases developed during longer temporal intervals than mesophilous tree phases all along the glacial-interglacial cycles first with a period of 41 kyrs then 100 kyrs This suggests shorter interglacials warm and humid climate than glacials cool to cold and dry climate From the beginning of the Ioanian Stage 1 8 Ma herbaceous ecosystems with Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Asteroideae Asteraceae Cichorioideae etc and Artemisia steppes still continuously enlarged up today Such an expansion of Artemisia steppes in the Ponto-Euxinian region was observed at the earliest Pliocene DSDP Site 380 but their earliest settlement in Anatolia seems to have occurred in the Early Miocene Aquitanian The development of the Artemisia steppes in Anatolia might result from the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau At last relictuous plants such as Carya Carpinus orientalis Pterocarya Liquidambar orientalis Zelkova persisted up today for most of them This story can be explained by some influence of the Asian monsoon which reinforced as a result from the uplifted Tibetan Plateau Doktora Ph D

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Polen Analizlerine Göre Son 7 Milyon Yılda Kuzey-batı Anadolu Ve Kuzey Ege’nin Vejetasyonu Ve İklimi / Vegetation And Cl...

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