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The mean mass concentrations of black carbon BC biomass burning BC bb and fossil fuel combustion BC ff have been estimated during March-May 2020 during the COVID-19 outbreak and March-May 2019 at a semiarid region of Agra over the Indo-Gangetic basin region The daily mean mass concentration of BC in 2020 and 2019 was 3 9 and 6 9 g m-3 respectively The high monthly mean mass concentration of BC was found to be 4 7 3 4 and 3 3 g m-3 in Mar-2020 Apr-2020 and May-2020 respectively whereas in Mar-2019 Apr-2019 and May-2019 was 7 7 7 5 and 5 4 g m-3 respectively The absorption coefficient babs and absorption angstrom exponent AAE of black carbon were calculated The highest mean AAE was 1 6 in the year 2020 Mar-May 2020 indicating the dominance of biomass burning The mean mass concentration of fossil fuel BC ff and biomass burning BC bb is 3 4 and 0 51 g m-3 respectively in 2020 whereas 6 4 and 0 73 g m-3 respectively in 2019 The mean fraction contribution of BC with fossil fuel BC ff was 82 1 13 5 and biomass burning BC bb was 17 9 4 3 in 2020 while in 2019 fossil fuel BC ff was 86 7 13 5 and biomass burning BC bb was 13 3 6 7 The population-weighted mean concentration of BC fossil fuel BC ff and biomass burning BC bb has been calculated The health risk assessment of BC has been analyzed in the form of attributable relative risk factors and attributed relative risk during the COVID-19 outbreak using AirQ v 2 0 model The attributable relative risk factors of BC were 20 6 in 2020 and 29 4 in 2019 The mean attributed relative risk per 10 000 000 populations at 95 confidence interval CI due to BC was 184 06 142 6-225 2 in 2020 and 609 06 418 3-714 6 in 2019 The low attributed factor and attributed relative risk in 2020 may be attributed to improvements in air quality and a fall in the emission of BC In 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic the whole country faced the biggest lockdown ban of the transportation of private vehicles trains aircraft and construction activities and shut down of the industry leading to a fall in the impact of BC on human health Overall this was like a blessing in disguise This study will help in future planning of mitigation and emission control of air pollutants in large and BC in particular It only needs a multipronged approach This study may be like torch bearing to set path for mitigation of impacts of air pollution and improvement of air quality 2022 The Author s under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B V

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COVID-19-associated 2020 lockdown: a study on atmospheric black carbon fall impact on human health.

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