Published in Reference Module in Life Sciences
Surveillance is the backbone of any disease control program. Data must be representative , timely , and consistent . Collection of data must be systematic . Analysis of data should include analysis by time, place , and person . Data sources can be varied, and have a potentially wide scope from death certification through clinical illness and from l...
Published in Reference Module in Life Sciences
Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever (HF) disease in humans and have a vast impact on public health in their endemic regions. In addition, evidence indicates that the worldwide-distributed arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a neglected human pathogen. Current medical countermeasures to treat human pathogenic arenaviruse...
Published in Reference Module in Life Sciences
Viruses have complex molecular architectures and have evolved to be ubiquitous parasites of all life forms. They consist of a genome enclosed in a protein or a proteolipid shell. In the 1950s, Watson and Crick as well as Caspar and Klug postulated the basic principles of virus structure organization. The last six decades have seen an exponential in...
Published in Reference Module in Life Sciences
Since the discovery of computers, bioinformatics and computational biology have been instrumental in a wide range of discoveries in virology. These include early mathematical models of virus-host interaction, and more recently the analysis of viral nucleotide and protein sequences to track their function, epidemiology, and evolution. The genomics r...
Published in Reference Module in Life Sciences
Enveloped viruses exit producer cells and acquire their external lipid envelopes by budding through limiting cellular membranes. Most viruses encode multifunctional structural proteins that coordinate the processes of virion assembly, membrane envelopment, budding, and maturation. In many cases, the cellular ESCRT pathway is recruited to facilitate...
Published in Reference Module in Life Sciences
Viral factories are intracellular compartments of the host cell that contain viral replication organelles and necessary elements for assembly and maturation of new infectious viral particles. In this article we revise the methods used to study viral factories and the current knowledge on the structure, functions and biogenesis of these structures. ...
Published in Reference Module in Life Sciences
The members of the family Bromoviridae have spherical or bacilliform virions with tri-segmented, single-stranded genomic RNAs, packaged in separate particles. Six genera including Alfamovirus , Anulavirus , Bromovirus , Cucumovirus , Ilarvirus , and Oleavirus are part of the family. RNA1 and RNA2 code for the replicase whereas RNA3 codes for moveme...
Published in Reference Module in Life Sciences
This article summarizes current knowledge on the related influenza B and C viruses and considers the few studies on the recently identified influenza D virus. We focus on the particular viral genome organizations, the viral propagation cycles, as well as structural and functional insight into the encoded viral gene products. This is complemented wi...
Published in Reference Module in Life Sciences
Published in Reference Module in Life Sciences
Seven human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been so far identified, namely HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, a.k.a. SARS-CoV-2). Unlike the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and 2019-nCoV, ...
