Published in Immunity
Type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) regulate inflammation in the tissues; however, their role in anti-viral immunity remains largely unknown. In this issue of Immunity , Shannon et al. report that ILC1s invoke an anti-viral effect by producing interferon (IFN)-γ at homeostasis, thereby limiting viral replication in the oral mucosa.
Published in Immunity
COVID-19 varies from asymptomatic infection to multiorgan failure, but data on cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 during disease and beyond are lacking. Bonifacius et al. show a beneficial effect of preexisting immunity to endemic coronaviruses during disease and stable cellular immunity with concomitant decrease of humoral responses early during...
Published in Immunity
Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vector-based vaccines are attractive because of their excellent safety and ability to induce long-lived humoral and cellular immunity in humans. Routhu et al. show that an MVA-based COVID-19 vaccine encoding prefusion-stabilized spike (MVA/S) induces strong neutralizing antibody and CD8+ T cell responses and protects ...
Published in Immunity
The host response to SARS-CoV-2 results in significant inflammation. To understand this biology, Hoagland et al. utilize infected hamsters to elucidate transcriptional footprints across tissues longitudinally, showing an inflammatory response beyond the site of acute replication. Local administration of IFN-I reduces virus load and improves immune ...
Published in Immunity
Immunological memory is a mechanism to protect us against reinfection. Antibodies produced by B cells are integral to this defense strategy and underlie virtually all vaccine success. Here, we explain how B cell memory is generated by infection and vaccination, what influences its efficacy and its persistence, and how characterizing these parameter...
Published in Immunity
Several classes of antibiotics have beneficial effects on the outcome of infections that cannot be explained by their direct antibacterial activities alone. Colaço et al. show that inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis by ribosomal-targeting antibiotics perturbs the mitochondrial electron transport chain and induces disease tolerance to inf...
Published in Immunity
While antibiotics are intended to specifically target bacteria, most are known to affect host cell physiology. In addition, some antibiotic classes are reported as immunosuppressive for reasons that remain unclear. Here, we show that Linezolid, a ribosomal-targeting antibiotic (RAbo), effectively blocked the course of a T cell-mediated autoimmune d...
Published in Immunity
Neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19 (Neuro-COVID) are recognized but under-studied. Using single-cell transcriptomics, Heming et al. identify expansion of dedifferentiated monocytes and exhausted CD4+ T cells in the cerebral spinal fluid of Neuro-COVID patients. This work provides a basis for improved understanding of the neurologi...
Published in Immunity
Hyper-elevated IL-6 underscores cytokine storming and chronic inflammatory disorders. Yousif et al. demonstrate that conventional dendritic cells are a major source of sIL-6R, which forms a buffer system that sets the in-solution persistence of IL-6, regulating inflammatory immune reactions.
Published in Immunity
As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has progressed, increasing attention has focused on establishing natural and vaccine-induced immunity against this coronavirus and the disease, COVID-19, that it causes. In this Primer, we explain the fundamental features of T cell memory and their potential relevance for effective immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
