Published in Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
Persistent post-COVID syndrome, also referred to as long COVID , is a pathologic entity, which involves persistent physical, medical, and cognitive sequelae following COVID-19, including persistent immunosuppression as well as pulmonary, cardiac, and vascular fibrosis. Pathologic fibrosis of organs and vasculature leads to increased mortality and s...
Published in Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
Air pollution is a worrisome risk factor for global morbidity and mortality and plays a special role in many respiratory conditions. It contributes to around 8 million deaths/year, with outdoor exposure being responsible for more than 4.2 million deaths throughout the world, while more than 3.8 million die from situations related to indoor pollutio...
Published in Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes capable of sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and cellular perturbations. Upon stimulation, the inflammasomes activate the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 and induce gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis. Dysregulated i...
Published in Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are characterized with aberrant immune responses and their respective signaling pathways controlling cell differentiation, death, and survival. Cell metabolism is also an indispensable biochemical process that provides the very fundamental energy and materials. Accumulating evidences implicate that metabolism pathways hav...
Published in Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) represents one of the most severe extra-muscular features of idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM). We aimed to identify any clinical and serological predictors of ILD in a monocentric cohort of 165 IIM patients. ILD+ patients were defined as having restrictive impairment in lung function tests and signs of ILD at c...
Published in Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
Ultraviolet blood irradiation (UBI) was used with success in the 1930s and 1940s for a variety of diseases. Despite the success, the lack of understanding of the detailed mechanisms of actions, and the achievements of antibiotics, phased off the use of UBI from the 1950s. The emergence of novel viral infections, from HIV/AIDS to Ebola, from SARS an...
Published in Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
Eosinophilic inflammation is a component of many atopic diseases such as asthma, and biologics targeting eosinophils have been shown to be effective in subsets of these patients. However, there also are conditions in which eosinophils are the key inflammatory cells responsible for driving tissue damage. In these eosinophilic diseases such as hyper-...
Published in Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
Activated neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to a variety of stimuli. NETosis is driven by protein-arginine deiminase type 4, with the release of intracellular granule components that function by capturing and destroying microbes, including viral, fungal, bacterial, and protozoal pathogens. The positive effects of...
Published in Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
Early mast cell (MC) infiltration has been reported in a wide range of human and animal tumors particularly malignant melanoma and breast and colorectal cancer. The consequences of their presence in the tumor microenvironment (TME) or at their margins still remain unclear as it is associated with a good or poor prognosis based on the type and anato...
Published in Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
Excessive fatty acids and glucose uptake support the infiltration of adipose tissue (AT) by a variety of immune cells including neutrophils, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, and mast cells (MCs). These cells promote inflammation by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators. The involvement of MCs in AT biology is supported by their accumulation in the A...
